Microwave switching engineer Bill Nelson and engineer Ron Cole had absolutely no difficulty in reproducing the Bedini process in the 1980s. Neither did Jim Watson, who later developed and demonstrated an 8 KW Version.

Now suppose you suddenly place a potential on the surface of the plates ( between the two plates ) of a battery. That potential takes off like a scalded hog in both directions. It flows across the ions in the battery between the plates in one direction, and simultaneously it flows out into the external circuits to "push the charges" in the other direction.

In short, if you time things correctly, you can DEPHASE and DECOUPLE the two currents in the Battery powered Overunity System, simultaneously adding "Free" Potential Energy to both of them. You can add potential to BOTH the ions and the electrons. The ions can be moving backward in charging mode, while the electrons will be driven in the opposite direction in the external circuit --- in powering direction.

Before one gets bent out of shape about the potential being regauging, and Free additional Potential Energy and all that, one should go look up what the "gauge freedom" axiom of quantum field theory means. All electrodynamicists --- and even the electrical engineers --- assume that the Potential Energy of any Maxwellian System can be freely changed at will. However, they usually assume you will be a gentleman and do it twice, simultaneously, and will also do it exactly, so that the two new free EM Forces produced in the System are equal and opposite. Well, that assumes that you take in free, excess Potential Energy to the system, but precisely lock it up so that it cannot translate electrons and therefore push current and do work both on the Source and in an external load. However, it continuously performs what is called "internal work" in the System, and that work is in opposing directions but equal magnitudes. That work continually forms and maintains excess "Stress Energy" in the system, and that is all.

So the first problem for a COP>1.0 System is how to break up that "Stress Energy Only" assumption. John's way is one way. He actually "splits" the potential into two directional fields ( which it is; see Whittaker 1903, cited in numerous of my papers ), one going in one direction to push the ions in charging mode, and the other going in the other direction out into the external circuit to push electrons in powering mode.

That's about as simple as it can be explained. At that point, one either understands it or one doesn't.

Also, bear in mind that from any nonzero scalar potential phi, regardless of how small in magnitude, you can collect as much Energy as you wish, if you just have enough charge capacity available to intercept it. That's the simple equation (w = phi)q, where W is the amount of Energy Collected in joules from potential phi, by charges, q, in coulombs. For a given phi and a desired w, just include the necessary q. A potential is a set of bidirectional Rivers exchanging Energy in Equilibrium, as proven by Whittaker in 1903. We do not have to REPROVE that at all; it's already well known and accepted by every electrodynamicist worth his salt.

Any potential is automatically a true Negative Resistor, since it is a free harmonic set of bidirectional flows of EM Energy ( due to its Dipolarity and the broken symmetry of same; it takes the Energy right out of the Vacuum via the broken symmetry of the Source charge or Dipolarity ). Hence you can collect as much Vacuum Energy from it as you wish, from its "flowing Rivers of Vacuum Energy", if you arrange enough storage ( buckets ) to collect the charges ( the water ). Nothing says you have to use just one kind of charge ( the electron ). You can use -- as Bedini does -- both the ions between the plates and the electrons in the external ( Vacuum ) circuit. And you can use them both, and potentialize them both, simultaneously, within the same potential. HOW MUCH EXCESS ENERGY YOU CATCH IN BOTH DIRECTIONS DEPENDS SOLELY ON THE MAGNITUDE OF THE phi AND THE MAGNITUDE OF THE Q's.

There's no mystery as to how he makes a Negative Resistor, because ANY AND EVERY DIPOLARITY AND POTENTIAL ARE ALREADY TRUE NEGATIVE RESISTOR, as also is every charge when in equilibrium. The Energy flows are coming freely from the Vacuum Energy, via the proven ( in particle physics, NOT in EE ) Broken Symmetry of the Source charge and Source Dipole. Remember, the first requirement for an overunity System or true Negative Resistor is TO GET OUT OF CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. If one cannot think outside those boxes, one will never get or understand overunity, because IT IS COMPLETELY OUTSIDE THOSE TWO BOXES.

Every charge in the universe is already a true Negative Resistor of the purest and most definitive ( and easily demonstrated experimentally ) kind. It freely absorbs virtual photons from the seething Vacuum Energy, transduces them into OBSERVABLE ( real, detectable, usable ) photons, and pours them out in all directions in 3-space at the speed of light. One doesn't have to reprove that; it's been proven in physics since 1957.

You want to make a true MACROSCOPIC Negative Resistor for peanuts? Just lay a charged capacitor on a permanent magnet so that the E field of the cap is at right angles to the H-field of the magnet. That optimizes EXH, which is the expression for the Poynting Energy flow S = f(EXH). That silly thing sits there and steadily pours out real observable usable EM Energy EXH at the speed of light, with no OBSERVABLE Electromagnetic Energy input into it. The fact that it is a continuous flow of Energy is usually just "mumbled away"; e.g., with some version of this quotation: "[ Poynting's result ] implies that a charged capacitor in a constant magnetic field which is not parallel to the electric field as the seat of Energy flows even though all macroscopic phenomena are static." [Jed Z. Buchwald, From Maxwell to Microphysics, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1985, p. 44.]

Before one falls for that "static" nonsense, one must understand what "static" really is. That's expressed beautifully by Van Flandern, as follows: "To retain causality, we must distinguish two distinct meanings of the term 'static'. One meaning is unchanging in the sense of no moving parts. The other meaning is sameness from moment to moment by continual replacement of all moving parts. We can visualize this difference by thinking of a waterfall. A frozen waterfall is static in the first sense, and a flowing waterfall is static in the second sense. Both are essentially the same at every moment, yet the latter has moving parts capable of transferring momentum, and is made of entities that propagate. [Tom Van Flandern, "The speed of gravity - What the experiments say," Physics Letters A, Vol. 250, Dec. 21, 1998, p.8-9. ]

From the Whittaker papers of 1903 and 1904, we have known for just about a century that all static EM Fields and Potentials are in fact "static" fields of Van Flandern's second kind --- analogous to an unfrozen waterfall. There is a continuous bidirectional movement of an internal EM structure of longitudinal waves inside ( and comprising ) all EM Fields and Potentials. So the "static envelope" of the field exists, but the "inside" components are in violent change and motion, in BOTH directions. Again, that's been known and in the literature since 1903.

But that does not appear in the hoary, old, seriously flawed electrical engineering, which continues considering the static potential and static field as a "frozen waterfall" analogy.

Neither does the solution for the Source of the input Energy to the Source Charge, nor the form of that Energy input, appear in the CEM and EE models. The CEM and EE models do not even model the Vacuum Energy Flux Exchange with the Charge, much less a Broken Symmetry in that exchange.

So they do not even model what powers every electrical circuit. Period. Never have.

If one wishes to tangle with true Negative Resistor, then one should just try to answer ( in classical EM theory based only on electrical engineering ) the question of from where and how a given charge gets the EM Energy that it continuously pours out, establishing its fields and potentials and their Energy across the universe at the speed of light? If one cannot answer that question in classical EM and electrical engineering, one will then have to go read some physics, because it's been answered for 45 years in particle physics, and a Nobel Prize was awarded to Lee and Yang in 1957 for their having predicted the basis for that solution. Broken Symmetry was such a tremendous revolution to all of physics that the Nobel Committee moved with unprecedented speed in awarding that Nobel Prize to Lee and Yang. They strongly predicted it in 1956 - early 1957, and Wu and her colleagues proved it experimentally in early 1957. The Nobel Prize was then awarded to Lee and Yang in that same year, in Dec. 1957 -- a nearly unprecedented action.

It would be nice if the electrical engineering departments would walk across the campus to the particle physics departments, and find out just what Broken Symmetry means for the Source charge and the Source Dipole. Voila! Suddenly they would find out what actually powers every circuit and System, and that EM Energy --- all of it, every joule of it -- comes from the seething Vacuum Energy via the asymmetry of the Source charge or Dipole. They haven't seemed to be able to do that arduous little walk across the campus in 45 years. And they have not changed their model to include the Active Vacuum and the Broken Symmetry in the Active Vacuum Exchange with the flash-charges and the Dipole.

If one cannot solve the Source charge problem and present that solution ( as CEM and EE cannot do ), then one is guilty of implicitly assuming that every charge in the universe is a perpetual motion machine, freely creating ( what appears to be ) Energy from nothing. That is precisely the case for every electrical engineering department, professor, and textbook today, and it always has been.

It is quite humorous -- and downright eerie -- that the very fellows so critical of the overunity researchers as a "bunch of perpetual motion nuts" also implicitly assume, albeit unwittingly, that every charge in the universe is a perpetual motion machine, freely and continuously creating Energy out of nothing. Poetic justice.

Further, the charge exhibits giant, continuously increasing negentropy, because the Energy it continuously pours out at a steady and unwavering rate is not disordered but perfectly ordered. At a given radial distance from the Source charge, the associated field has a specific value and direction, the associated static potential has a specific value, and the associated vector potential has a specific value and direction, deterministically and perfectly ordered.

Well, the very notion of entropy always had a serious flaw anyway. It pre-assumes that a negentropic operation at least equal to whatever the entropy is, must have first occurred. Otherwise there could have been no order in the first place, to SUBSEQUENTLY disorder.

And the solution to the Source charge problem provides the answer of where all that negentropy first comes from, to continuously produce the negentropy ( order ) that is later disordered in entropic processes.

So the mere existence of electrodynamics and its giant negentropy and increasing order of the fields and potentials being poured out of the Source charges destroys any notion of absoluteness in the second law of thermodynamics ( the law of continual increase in disorder, or continuously increasing entropy. )

It has long been recognized that the second law ( which is based on statistical mechanics ) does not apply to the single ion, charged particle, atom, molecule, or group of molecules. At the microscopic level, all reactions are reversible because the equations are reversible. So things can run backwards as well as forward at the microscopic level, which is a form of time-reversal. In a "running backwards" situation, if macroscopic, then an ordinary resistor would act as a true Negative Resistor ( and so it does, if you feed it negative Energy which is time-reversed Energy. ) My new book, just coming off the presses, uses that fact to explain cold fusion, and we give the specific reaction equations producing the excess deuterium, tritium, and alpha particles --- as well as explaining the strange and anomalous instrumental problems encountered for some years in rigorous electrolyte experiments at U.S. Naval research facilities at China Lake.

But it has also long been accepted somewhat dogmatically that, well, the irrevocably apply to MACROSCOPIC phenomena and size. Some things recently have happened to upset or "bother" even that standard answer.

First, Denis Evans et al. of the National Australian University have rigorously proven that, contrary to previous assumptions, reactions can "run backwards" at up to micron ( colloidal ) scale, and for up to TWO SECONDS. Now that's within easy switching range for modern circuits and processes. So all of a sudden it becomes important. The nanobots being widely developed just now in nanotechnology at close to molecular size will thus experience abrupt periods of "running backwards" and so they will not work at all in the same manner as their much larger robots. The reference on the Evans work is G. M. Wang, E. M. Sevick, Emil Mittag, Debra J. Searles, and Denis J. Evans, "Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for Small Systems and Short Time Scales," Phys. Rev. Lett., 89(5), 29 July 2002, 050601. A good article to read on what it all means, is Steven K. Blau, "The Unusual Thermodynamics of Microscopic Systems," Physics Today, 55(9), Sep. 2002, p. 19-21.  There are other comments on the Evans et al. work; you can take your choice based on the smugness and dogma used in the comments.

The individual charged particle, being microscopic ( including even an ion in a solution ) comes under the reversible criterion and therefore is appreciably "immune" to the second law. So one is not too disconcerted to find it "running backwards" and pouring out real Energy, at last for a short time. In short, one is not surprised that it produces giant negentropy, FOR A SHORT TIME. What is surprising ( and bewildering to classical EM and to the classical thermodynamicists ) is that the charge produces negentropy CONTINUOUSLY, for any length of time. So it produces continuously increasing NEGENTROPY.

There are other areas that are also known and recognized to violate thermodynamics, including in the large macroscopic realm. Several of these are listed on p. 459 of Dilip Kondepudi and Ilya Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Wiley, 1998, corrected printing in 1999. Quoting p. 459: "Some of these areas are

(1) "... rarefied media, where the idea of local equilibrium fails. The average Energy at each point depends on the temperature at the boundaries. Important astrophysical situations belong to this category."

(2) "...strong gradients, where we expect the failure of linear laws such as the Fourier law for heat conduction. Not much is known either experimentally or theoretically. Attempts to introduce such nonlinear outcomes ... have led to 'extended thermodynamics'."

(3) "...memory effects which appear for long times ( as compared to characteristic Relaxation Times. ) ...non-equilibrium processes may have 'long time-tails'..."

Forefront scientists are attempting to extend thermodynamics at present, to include ( hopefully ) some kind of explanation for these areas.

But what is important is that the Energy continuously poured out by every magnetic or electrical charge ( as a true Negative Resistor, extracting unusable Energy from the Vacuum and pouring it out in usable EM form ) forms perfect order, perfectly correlated to that charge, to any macroscopic size one wishes. Just pick a size and wait long enough for the speed of light to reach that radial distance, and you will have a volume of that radius that has been filled with perfectly ordered EM Energy from that Source charge. The original charges in original matter in the universe have been doing that for 14 billion years, and they are still going. And their perfectly ordered fields and potentials reach across the entire observable universe.

So every part of electrodynamics --- the source charge, the field, the potential, and every joule of EM Energy in every EM field and potential, whether in space or in matter --- is in total violation of the second law of thermodynamics, and TO ANY MACROSCOPIC SIZE LEVEL ONE WISHES, INCLUDING ACROSS THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE when one accounts the perfect and continually increasing order of the fields and potentials and, therefore, their Energy.

So there you have your true Negative Resistor in every charge in the universe. ( DO not confuse this with silly tunnel diodes putting "some Energy back to the circuit power source in reverse against the voltage" while eating lots more Energy from the Power Source where the Energy is being expended, which allows the work to be done, ) And all EM Energy -- in every field, potential, and circuit, and System --- comes directly from the Vacuum, via the Broken Symmetry of the Source charge.

Don't underrate the importance of the Source charge problem. Either one has to have a solution to that problem, or else one must surrender the conservation of energy law in its entirety, since it is totally falsified by every charge in the universe unless the Source charge solution from particle physics is included in one's model. For the EE model and CEM, that would require drastic surgery and extension of the models. Actually, much better Systems of electrodynamics are already created and available in particle physics.

As we said, classical electrodynamics and electrical engineering do not include the Active Vacuum in their model, nor is the potential of Broken Symmetry accounted for in the exchange between the Active Vacuum and every charge and Dipole in the circuit. Since those models do not include the actual Source of any or all the EM Energy in a circuit or System, then those models do not include what powers an electrical circuit or System ( some of the very Energy that is extracted from the Vacuum via the Source Charge's Broken Symmetry. )

That was all excusable until 1957. Today it is inexcusable, once one points out the solution sitting there in particle physics.

And if you really wish to get at this matter of Energy flow really well, then read the original papers of Heaviside and Poynting, who independently and simultaneously in the 1880s discovered the propagation of EM Energy in space, after Maxwell was already dead. Before that, the concept did not even appear in physics. The primary Energy flow connected with a circuit actually flows outside the conductors, in the external space, or Vacuum. A tiny bit of it ( the Poynting component ) is diverged into the circuit conductors to power the electrons. The huge remainder ( the Heaviside nondiverged Energy flow component, which is in circulation form ) is not diverged into the circuit at all, but is just wasted and ignored. Lorentz in the 1890s stated that, well, it has no physical significance ( because it does not do anything ), so he originated a clever little integration trick to get rid of any accountability for it. The abandoned and unaccounted Heaviside component may have a magnitude up to a trillion times or more, of the magnitude of the Poynting component.

I am working on a paper that points out some very startling and completely unexpected things that are indeed "done" by that long neglected Heaviside component. It plays a major role in the appearance of the various ice ages upon the Earth, and creates the excess gravity that is holding the arms of the spiral galaxies intact ( Heaviside himself recognized the gravitational implications of his extra component, and dealt with it in his notes, but did not live to publish it. ) The notes were found in 1957 ( curious coincidence! ) and published by one of the learned societies. If applied properly, the Heaviside component also plays the major role in producing the mysterious antigravity that is accelerating the expansion of the universe; I explain that in my forthcoming book, just now coming off the presses. The Bohren-type experiment ( with a so-called "Negative Resonance absorption of the medium" ) is also an experiment routinely done by nonlinear optical departments. It outputs 18 or so times as much Energy as is input. There are some other important contributions of the Heaviside component that I will include in the paper, which will require another two or three months to finish. However, my main point is this: When the long-unaccounted --- ARBITRARILY excluded! --- Heaviside energy flow component is re-accounted, then every generator and battery and dipolar power Source in the universe already pours out enormously more EM Energy than the mechanical shaft energy input to the generator, the chemical energy dissipated in the battery, and so on. All of them always have. One can experimentally demonstrate the existence of that long-neglected component, by a Bohren-type experiment. See Craig F.Bohren,"How Can a Particle Absorb More than the Light Incident On It?" American Journal of Physics, 51(4), Apr. 1983, p. 323-327. Under nonlinear conditions, a particle can absorb more energy than is in the light incident on it. Metallic particles at ultraviolet frequencies are one class of such particles and insulating particles at infrared frequencies are another. See also H. Paul and R. Fischer, {Comment on "How can a particle absorb more than the light incident on it?'}," Am. J. Phys., 51(4), Apr. 1983, p. 327. The Bohren experiment is repeatable and produces COP = 18.

Anyway, you have true Negative Resistor everywhere you turn: in every charge in the universe, and also every power Source, if you re-account for the long-neglected Heaviside nondiverged Energy flow component associated with every field/charge and potential/charge interaction.

Tom Bearden